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Estimates of Tyrannosaurid Bite ForceStudy Year Estimation method Approximate bite force (newtons) Cost et al. 2019 muscular and skeletal modeling 35,000–63,000 Gignac and Erickson 2017 tooth-bone interaction analysis 8,000–34,000 Meers 2002 body-mass scaling 183,000–235,000 Bates and Falkingham 2012 muscular and skeletal modeling 35,000–57,000
The largest tyrannosaurids—the family of carnivorous dinosaurs that includes Tarbosaurus, Albertosaurus, and, most famously, Tyrannosaurus rex—are thought to have had the strongest bites of any land animals in Earth’s history. Determining the bite force of extinct animals can be difficult, however, and paleontologists Paul Barrett and Emily Rayfield have suggested that an estimate of dinosaur bite force may be significantly influenced by the methodology used in generating that estimate.
Which choice best describes data from the table that support Barrett and Rayfield’s suggestion?